The man who knows no foreign language, knows nothing of his mother.

I VERBI AUSILIARI PRINCIPALI

 I principali verbi ausiliari sono TO HAVE (avere) e TO BE (essere).
Il  verbo ausiliare TO HAVE si utilizza per la formazione dei tempi composti di tutti i verbi.
In altri termini quello che è considerato un grave errore in italiano, è corretto in inglese


trad. letterale
trad. corretta
I have gone
Io ho andato
Sono andato
He has come
Egli ha venuto
È venuto
They have arrived
Essi hanno arrivati
Sono arrivati

Il verbo ausiliare TO HAVE è un verbo irregolare poiché le sue voci sono

Infinito
to have
Tempo passato
had
Participio passato
had

I tempi composti con il verbo avere si formano con il verbo to have e il participio passato

I have helped
Io ho aiutato
I had helped
Io avevo aiutato

In inglese sono frequenti le abbreviazioni di alcune voci del verbo avere

‘ve
per have
I’ve written
ho scritto
‘s
per has
he’s written
ha scritto
‘d
per had
he’d written
aveva scritto

Il verbo ausiliare TO BE è un verbo irregolare poiché le sue voci sono

Infinito
to be
Tempo passato
was
Participio passato
been

I tempi composti del verbo TO BE si formano con l’ausiliare to have.

PASSATO PROSSIMO
I have been
we have been
you have been
you have been
he/she/it has been
they have been

TRAPASSATO PROSSIMO
I had been
we had been
you had been
you had been
he/she/it had been
they had been

In inglese sono frequenti le abbreviazioni di alcune voci del verbo essere

‘m
per am
I’m happy
sono felice
‘s
per is
he’s ill
è ammalato
‘re
per are
you’re a fool
sei uno sciocco

Il verbo to be è usato come ausiliare per formare il passivo dei verbi transitivi.

I am helped
Io sono aiutato
I was helped
Io fui aiutato
I have been helped
Sono stato aiutato
I had been helped
Ero stato aiutato

Il complemento d’agente, frequente nelle frasi passive, è introdotto dalla preposizione da, in inglese by
The letter was received by my father
La lettera fu ricevuta da mio padre
 Il verbo to be è usato  per formare tutti i tempi nella forma progressiva.



CONIUGAZIONE VERBI AUSILIARI
               
TO HAVE (AVERE)

INDICATIVO (INDICATIVE)
Forma affermativa
PRESENTE (SIMPLE PRESENT)
I have
we have
you have
you have
he/she/it has
they have

PRESENTE PROGRESSIVO  (PRESENT CONTINUOUS)
I am having
we are having
you are having
you are having
he/she/it is having
they are having

PASSATO SEMPLICE (SIMPLE PAST)
I had
we had
you had
you had
he/she/it had
they had

PASSATO PROGRESSIVO (PAST CONTINUOUS)
I was having
we were having
you were having
you were having
he/she/it was having
they were having

PASSATO PROSSIMO (PRESENT PERFECT)
I have had
we have had
you have had
you have had
he/she/it has had
they have had

PASSATO PROSS. PROGR.  (PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS)
I have been having
we have been having
you have been having
you have been having
he/she/it has been having
they have been having

TRAPASSATO (PAST PERFECT)
I had had
we had had
you had had
you had had
he/she/it had had
they had had

TRAPASSATO PROGRESSIVO  (PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS)
I had been having
we had been having
you had been having
you had been having
he/she/it had been having
they had been having

FUTURO SEMPLICE   (FUTURE)
I will (shall)  have
we will (shall)  have
you will have
you will have
he/she/it will have
they will have

FUTURO PROGRESSIVO  (FUTURE CONTINUOUS)
I will be having
we will be having
you will be having
you will be having
he/she/it will be having
they will be having

FUTURO ANTERIORE  (FUTURE PERFECT)
i will have had
we will have had
you will have had
you will have had
he/she/it will have had
they will have had

FUTURO ANT. PROGR.  (FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS)
I will have been having
we will have been having
you will have been having
you will have been having
he/she/it will have been having
they will have been having

INDICATIVO (INDICATIVE)
Forma negativa
PRESENTE
I have not
we have not
you have not
you have not
he/she/it has not
they have not

PASSATO PROSSIMO
I have not had
we have not had
you have not had
you have not had
he/she/it has not had
they have not had

PASSATO SEMPLICE
I had not
we had not
you had not
you had not
he/she/it had not
they had not

TRAPASSATO
I had not had
we had not had
you had not had
you had not had
he/she/it had not had
they had not had

FUTURO SEMPLICE
I will (shall) not have
we I will (shall) not have
you will not have
you will not have
he/she/it will not have
they will not have

FUTURO ANTERIORE
I will (shall) not have had
we will (shall) not have had
you will not have had
you will not have had
he/she/it will not have had
they will not have had

INDICATIVO (INDICATIVE)
Forma interrogativa
PRESENTE
have I ?
have we ?
have you ?
have you ?
has he/she/it ?
have they ?

PASSATO PROSSIMO
have I had ?
have we had ?
have you had ?
have you had ?
has he/she/it had ?
have they had ?

PASSATO SEMPLICE
had I ?
had we ?
had you ?
had you ?
had he/she it ?
had they ?

TRAPASSATO
had I had ?
had we had ?
had you had ?
had you had ?
had he/she it had?
had they had ?

FUTURO SEMPLICE
will (shall) I have ?
will (shall) we have ?
will you have ?
will you have ?
will he/she/it have ?
will they have ?

FUTURO ANTERIORE
will (shall) I have had ?
will (shall) we have had ?
will you have had ?
will you have had ?
will he/she/it have had ?
will they have had ?


CONGIUNTIVO (SUBJUNCTIVE)
Il congiuntivo (subjunctive) è un modo quasi scomparso in inglese e viene solitamente sostituito dal modo indicativo, secondo il seguente schema:
Congiuntivo italiano
Indicative
Congiuntivo Presente
(io abbia)
Simple Present
I have
you have
he/She/It has
we have
you have
they have
Congiuntivo Imperfetto
(io avessi)
Simple Past
I had
you had
he-she-it had
we had
you had
they had
Congiuntivo Passato
(io abbia avuto)
Present Perfect
I have had
you have had
he/she/it has had
we have had
you have had
they have had
Congiuntivo Trapassato
(io avessi avuto)
Past Perfect
I had had
you had had
he/she/it had had
we had had
you had had
they had had

CONDIZIONALE (CONDITIONAL)
Forma affermativa
PRESENTE      (PRESENT)
I would (should) have
we would (should) have
you would have
you would have
he/she/it would have
they would have

PRESENTE  PROGRESSIVO  (PRESENT PROGRESSIVE)
I would be having
we would be having
you would be having
you would be having
he/she/it would be having
they would be having

PASSATO    (PERFECT)
I would (should) have had
we would (should) have had
you would have had
you would have had
he/she/it would have had
they would have had

PASSATO PROGRESSIVO (PERFECT PROGRESSIVE)
I would have been having
we would have been having
you would have been having
you would have been having
he/she/it would have been having
they would have been having

CONDIZIONALE (CONDITIONAL)
Forma negativa
PRESENTE
I would (should) not have
we would (should) not have
you would not have
you would not have
he/she/it would not have
they would not have

PASSATO
I would (should) not have had
we would (should) not have had
you would not have had
you would not have had
he/she/it would have had
they would not have had

CONDIZIONALE
Forma interrogativa
PRESENTE
 would (should) I have ?
would (should) we have ?
would you have ?
would you have ?
would he/she/it have ?
would they have ?

PASSATO
would (should) I have had ?
would (should) we have had?
would you have had ?
would you have had ?
would he/she/it have had ?
would they have had ?

IMPERATIVO (IMPERATIVE)
Forma affermativa
PRESENTE
let me have!
let us have!
have!
have!
let him/she/it have!
let them have!

IMPERATIVO (IMPERATIVE)
Forma negativa
PRESENTE
don't let me have!
don't let us have!
don't have!
don't have!
don't let him/she/it have!
don't let them have!

GERUNDIO (GERUND)
Forma affermativa
PRESENTE
having

PASSATO
having had

GERUNDIO (GERUND)
Forma negativa
PRESENTE
not having

PASSATO
not having had

PARTICIPIO (PARTICIPLE)
Forma affermativa
PRESENTE
having

PASSATO
had

PARTICIPIO (PARTICIPLE)
Forma negativa
PRESENTE
not having

PASSATO
not had

INFINITO (INFINITIVE)
Forma affermativa
PRESENTE
to have

PASSATO
to have had

INFINITO (INFINITIVE)
Forma negativa
PRESENTE
not to have

PASSATO
not to have had

IMPORTANTE
Have prende la forma progressiva soltanto quando non significa avere/possedere. Infatti, entrando in alcune espressioni come have breakfast, a shower,  a nice weekend, a chat, a walk..., assume significati diversi.




TO BE (ESSERE)

INDICATIVO  (INDICATIVE)
Forma affermativa
PRESENTE (SIMPLE PRESENT)
I am
we are
you are
you are
he/she/it is
they are

PRESENTE PROGRESSIVO  (PRESENT CONTINUOUS)
I am being
we are being
you are being
you are being
he/she/it is being
they are being

PASSATO SEMPLICE (SIMPLE PAST)
I was
we were
you were
you were
he/she/it was
they were

PASSATO PROGRESSIVO (PAST CONTINUOUS)
I was being
we were being
you were being
you were being
he/she/it was being
they were being

PASSATO PROSSIMO (PRESENT PERFECT)
I have been
we have been
you have been
you have been
he/she/it has been
they have been

PASSATO PROSS. PROGR.  (PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS)
I have been being
we have been being
you have been being
you have been being
he/she/it has been being
they have been being

TRAPASSATO (PAST PERFECT)
I had been
we had been
you had been
you had been
he/she/it had been
they had been

TRAPASSATO PROGRESSIVO  (PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS)
I had been being
we had been being
you had been being
you had been being
he/she/it had been being
they had been being

FUTURO SEMPLICE   (FUTURE)
I will (shall) be
we I will (shall) be
you will be
you will be
he/she/it will be
they will be

FUTURO PROGRESSIVO  (FUTURE CONTINUOUS)
I will be being
we will be being
you will be being
you will be being
he/she/it will be being
they will be being

FUTURO ANTERIORE (FUTURE PERFECT)
I will (shall) have been
we will (shall) have been
you will have been
you will have been
he/she/it will have been
they will have been

FUTURO ANT. PROGR.  (FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS)
I  will have been being
we will have been being
you will have been being
you will have been being
he/she/it will have been being
they will have been being


INDICATIVO (INDICATIVE)
Forma negativa
PRESENTE (SIMPLE PRESENT)
I am not
we are not
you are not
you are not
he/she/it is not
they are not

PASSATO SEMPLICE (SIMPLE PAST)
I was not
we were not
you were not
you were not
he/she/it was not
they were not

PASSATO PROSSIMO (PRESENT PERFECT)
I have not been
we have not been
you have not been
you have not been
he/she/it has not been
they have not been


TRAPASSATO (PAST PERFECT)
I had not been
we had not been
you had not been
you had not been
he/she/it had not been
they had not been

FUTURO SEMPLICE  (FUTURE)
I will (shall) not be
we I will (shall)not  be
you will not be
you will not be
he/she/it will not  be
they will not be

FUTURO ANTERIORE (FUTURE PERFECT)
I will (shall) not have been
we will (shall) not have been
you will not have been
you will not have been
he/she/it will not have been
they will not have been

INDICATIVO (INDICATIVE)
Forma interrogativa
PRESENTE  (SIMPLE PRESENT)
am I ?
are we ?
are you ?
are you ?
is he/she/it ?
are they ?

PASSATO SEMPLICE  (SIMPLE PAST)
was I ?
were we ?
were you ?
were you ?
was he/she it ?
were they ?

PASSATO PROSSIMO  (PRESENT PERFECT)
have I been ?
have we been ?
have you been ?
have you been ?
has he/she/it been ?
have they been ?

TRAPASSATO  (PAST PERFECT)
had I been ?
had we been ?
had you been ?
had you been ?
had he/she it been ?
had they been ?

FUTURO SEMPLICE (FUTURE)
will (shall) I be ?
will (shall) we be ?
will you be ?
will you be ?
will he/she/it be ?
will they be ?

FUTURO ANTERIORE (FUTURE PERFECT)
will (shall) I have been ?
will (shall) we have been ?
will you have been ?
will you have been ?
will he/she/it have been ?
will they have been ?


CONGIUNTIVO (SUBJUNCTIVE)
Il congiuntivo (subjunctive) è un modo quasi scomparso in inglese e viene solitamente sostituito dal modo indicativo, secondo il seguente schema:
Congiuntivo italiano
Indicative
Congiuntivo Presente
(io sia)
Simple Present
I am
you are
he/she/it is
we are
you are
they are
Congiuntivo Imperfetto
(io fossi)
Simple Past
I was / were
you were
he-she-it was / were
we were
you were
they were
Congiuntivo Passato
(io sia stato)
Present Perfect
I have been
you have been
he/she/it has been
we have been
you have been
they have been
Congiuntivo Trapassato
(io fossi stato)
Past Perfect
I had been
you had been
he/she/it had been
we had been
you had been
they had been

IMPORTANTE
Quando il congiuntivo imperfetto del verbo essere segue if (se), si utilizza la forma were del Simple Past in tutte le persone.


CONDIZIONALE (CONDITIONAL)
Forma affermativa
PRESENTE  (PRESENT)
I would (should) be
we would (should) be
you would be
you would be
he/she/it would be
they would be

PRESENTE  PROGRESSIVO  (PRESENT PROGRESSIVE)
I  would be being
we would be being
you would be being
you would be being
he/she/it would be being
they would be being

PASSATO  (PERFECT)
I would (should) have been
we would (should) have been
You would have been
You would have been
he/she/It would have been
they would have been

PASSATO PROGRESSIVO (PERFECT PROGRESSIVE)
I would have been being
we would have been being
you would have been being
you would have been being
he/she/it would have been being
they would have been being

CONDIZIONALE (CONDITIONAL)
Forma negativa
PRESENTE (PRESENT)
I would (should) not be
we would (should) not be
you would not be
you would not be
he/she/it would not be
they would not be

PASSATO (PERFECT)
I would (should) not have been
we would (should) not have been
you would not have been
you would not have been
he/she/it would have been
they would not have been

CONDIZIONALE (CONDITIONAL)
Forma interrogativa
PRESENTE (PRESENT)
 would (should) I be ?
would (should) we be ?
would you be ?
would you be ?
would he/she/it be ?
would they be ?

PASSATO PROSSIMO  (PERFECT)
would (should) I have been ?
would (should) we have been?
would you have been ?
would you have been ?
would he/she/it have been ?
would they have been ?

IMPERATIVO (IMPERATIVE)
Forma affermativa
PRESENTE  (PRESENT)
let me be!
let us be!
be!
be!
let him/she/it be!
let them be!

IMPERATIVO (IMPERATIVE)
Forma negativa
PRESENTE (PRESENT)
don't let me be!
don't let us be!
don't be!
don't be!
don't let him/she/it be!
don't let them be!

GERUNDIO (GERUND)
Forma affermativa
PRESENTE
being

PASSATO
having been

GERUNDIO (GERUND)
Forma negativa
PRESENTE
not being

PASSATO
not having been

PARTICIPIO (PARTICIPLE)
Forma affermativa
PRESENTE
being

PASSATO
been

PARTICIPIO (PARTICIPLE)
Forma negativa
PRESENTE
not being

PASSATO
not been

INFINITO (INFINITIVE)
Forma affermativa
PRESENTE
to be

PASSATO
to have been

INFINITO (INFINITIVE)
Forma negativa
PRESENTE
not to be

PASSATO
Not to have been

IMPORTANTE
Normalmente il verbo essere inglese, non essendo un action verb ma uno stative verb, non prende la forma progressiva. Ci sono dei casi, tuttavia, dove to be ha il significato di act (agire) o behave (comportarsi) : in questo senso possiamo usare il presente progressivo del verbo to be; questo perché ci stiamo  riferendo a delle azioni e non ad uno stato.


In inglese per tradurre c’è/ci sono si usano le forme there (dhear) is per il singolare e there are per il plurale
Forma affermativa
There is (there's)

There are
There is a book on the desk. 
(C'è un libro sulla scrivania.)
There are some books on the desk.
(Ci sono dei libri sulla scrivania.)
Forma negativa
There is not (there isn’t)
There are not (there aren’t)
There isn't any snow.
(Non c'è neve.)
There aren't any students in the classroom.
(Non ci sono studenti nell'aula.)
Forma interrogativa
Is there…?

Are there…?
Is there anybody at home?
(C'è qualcuno in casa?)
Are there any letters for Mark?
 (Ci sono lettere per Mark?)

Le espressioni italiane avere fame, avere sete, avere ragione, avere torto e altre simili si traducono in inglese con il verbo essere

Avere fame
To be hungry
Avere sete
To be thirsty
Avere sonno
To be sleepy
Avere fretta
To be in a hurry
Avere paura
To be afraid / scared
Avere caldo
To be hot / warm
Avere freddo
To be cold
Aver ragione
To be right
Aver torto
To be wrong






Nessun commento:

Posta un commento