I principali verbi ausiliari sono TO HAVE (avere) e TO BE (essere).
Il verbo ausiliare TO HAVE si utilizza per la formazione dei tempi composti di tutti i verbi.
In altri termini quello che è considerato un grave errore in italiano, è corretto in inglese
Il verbo ausiliare TO HAVE è un verbo irregolare poiché le sue voci sono
Il verbo ausiliare TO HAVE si utilizza per la formazione dei tempi composti di tutti i verbi.
In altri termini quello che è considerato un grave errore in italiano, è corretto in inglese
trad. letterale
|
trad. corretta
| |
I have gone
|
Io ho andato
|
Sono andato
|
He has come
|
Egli ha venuto
|
È venuto
|
They have arrived
|
Essi hanno arrivati
|
Sono arrivati
|
Il verbo ausiliare TO HAVE è un verbo irregolare poiché le sue voci sono
Infinito
|
to have
|
Tempo passato
|
had
|
Participio passato
|
had
|
I tempi composti con il verbo avere si formano con il verbo to have e il participio passato
I have helped
|
Io ho aiutato
|
I had helped
|
Io avevo aiutato
|
In inglese sono frequenti le abbreviazioni di alcune voci del verbo avere
‘ve
|
per have
|
I’ve written
|
ho scritto
|
‘s
|
per has
|
he’s written
|
ha scritto
|
‘d
|
per had
|
he’d written
|
aveva scritto
|
Il verbo ausiliare TO BE è un verbo irregolare poiché le sue voci sono
Infinito
|
to be
|
Tempo passato
|
was
|
Participio passato
|
been
|
I tempi composti del verbo TO BE si formano con l’ausiliare to have.
PASSATO PROSSIMO
| |
I have been
|
we have been
|
you have been
|
you have been
|
he/she/it has been
|
they have been
|
TRAPASSATO PROSSIMO
| |
I had been
|
we had been
|
you had been
|
you had been
|
he/she/it had been
|
they had been
|
In inglese sono frequenti le abbreviazioni di alcune voci del verbo essere
‘m
|
per am
|
I’m happy
|
sono felice
|
‘s
|
per is
|
he’s ill
|
è ammalato
|
‘re
|
per are
|
you’re a fool
|
sei uno sciocco
|
Il verbo to be è usato come ausiliare per formare il passivo dei verbi transitivi.
I am helped
|
Io sono aiutato
|
I was helped
|
Io fui aiutato
|
I have been helped
|
Sono stato aiutato
|
I had been helped
|
Ero stato aiutato
|
Il complemento d’agente, frequente nelle frasi passive, è introdotto dalla preposizione da, in inglese by
The letter was received by my father
La lettera fu ricevuta da mio padre
Il verbo to be è usato per formare tutti i tempi nella forma progressiva.
TO HAVE (AVERE)
TO BE (ESSERE)
CONIUGAZIONE VERBI AUSILIARI
TO HAVE (AVERE)
INDICATIVO (INDICATIVE)
Forma affermativa
PRESENTE
(SIMPLE PRESENT)
|
|
I have
|
we have
|
you have
|
you have
|
he/she/it has
|
they have
|
PRESENTE
PROGRESSIVO (PRESENT CONTINUOUS)
|
|
I am
having
|
we are
having
|
you are
having
|
you are
having
|
he/she/it is
having
|
they are
having
|
PASSATO
SEMPLICE (SIMPLE PAST)
|
|
I had
|
we had
|
you had
|
you had
|
he/she/it had
|
they had
|
PASSATO
PROGRESSIVO (PAST CONTINUOUS)
|
|
I was
having
|
we were
having
|
you were
having
|
you were
having
|
he/she/it was
having
|
they were
having
|
PASSATO
PROSSIMO (PRESENT PERFECT)
|
|
I have had
|
we have had
|
you have had
|
you have had
|
he/she/it has had
|
they have had
|
PASSATO
PROSS. PROGR. (PRESENT PERFECT
CONTINUOUS)
|
|
I have
been having
|
we have
been having
|
you have
been having
|
you have
been having
|
he/she/it has
been having
|
they have
been having
|
TRAPASSATO
(PAST PERFECT)
|
|
I had had
|
we had had
|
you had had
|
you had had
|
he/she/it had had
|
they had had
|
TRAPASSATO
PROGRESSIVO (PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS)
|
|
I had
been having
|
we had
been having
|
you had
been having
|
you had
been having
|
he/she/it had
been having
|
they had
been having
|
FUTURO
SEMPLICE
(FUTURE)
|
|
I will (shall) have
|
we will (shall) have
|
you will have
|
you will have
|
he/she/it will have
|
they will have
|
FUTURO
PROGRESSIVO (FUTURE CONTINUOUS)
|
|
I will be
having
|
we will
be having
|
you will
be having
|
you will
be having
|
he/she/it will
be having
|
they will
be having
|
FUTURO
ANTERIORE
(FUTURE PERFECT)
|
|
i will have had
|
we will have had
|
you will have had
|
you will have had
|
he/she/it will have had
|
they will have had
|
FUTURO
ANT. PROGR. (FUTURE PERFECT
CONTINUOUS)
|
|
I will
have been having
|
we will
have been having
|
you will
have been having
|
you will
have been having
|
he/she/it will
have been having
|
they will
have been having
|
INDICATIVO (INDICATIVE)
Forma negativa
PRESENTE
|
|
I have not
|
we have not
|
you have not
|
you have not
|
he/she/it has not
|
they have not
|
PASSATO PROSSIMO
|
|
I have not had
|
we have not had
|
you have not had
|
you have not had
|
he/she/it has not had
|
they have not had
|
PASSATO SEMPLICE
|
|
I had not
|
we had not
|
you had not
|
you had not
|
he/she/it had not
|
they had not
|
TRAPASSATO
|
|
I had not had
|
we had not had
|
you had not had
|
you had not had
|
he/she/it had not had
|
they had not had
|
FUTURO SEMPLICE
|
|
I will (shall) not have
|
we I will (shall) not have
|
you will not
have
|
you will not
have
|
he/she/it will not have
|
they will not
have
|
FUTURO ANTERIORE
|
|
I will (shall) not have had
|
we will (shall) not have had
|
you will not have had
|
you will not have had
|
he/she/it will not have had
|
they will not have had
|
INDICATIVO (INDICATIVE)
Forma interrogativa
PRESENTE
|
|
have I ?
|
have we ?
|
have you ?
|
have you ?
|
has he/she/it ?
|
have they ?
|
PASSATO PROSSIMO
|
|
have I had ?
|
have we had ?
|
have you had ?
|
have you had ?
|
has he/she/it had ?
|
have they had ?
|
PASSATO SEMPLICE
|
|
had
I ?
|
had
we ?
|
had
you ?
|
had
you ?
|
had
he/she it ?
|
had
they ?
|
TRAPASSATO
|
|
had I had ?
|
had we had ?
|
had you had ?
|
had you had ?
|
had he/she it had?
|
had they had ?
|
FUTURO SEMPLICE
|
|
will (shall) I have
?
|
will (shall) we have ?
|
will you have ?
|
will you have ?
|
will he/she/it have ?
|
will they have ?
|
FUTURO ANTERIORE
|
|
will (shall) I have had ?
|
will (shall) we have had ?
|
will you have had ?
|
will you have had ?
|
will he/she/it have had ?
|
will they
have had ?
|
CONGIUNTIVO
(SUBJUNCTIVE)
Il
congiuntivo (subjunctive) è un modo quasi scomparso in inglese e viene solitamente
sostituito dal modo indicativo, secondo il seguente schema:
Congiuntivo
italiano
|
Indicative
|
Congiuntivo Presente
(io abbia) |
Simple Present
I have
you have
he/She/It has
we have
you have
they have
|
Congiuntivo Imperfetto
(io avessi) |
Simple Past
I had you had he-she-it had we had
you had
they had |
Congiuntivo Passato
(io abbia avuto) |
Present Perfect
I have had
you have had
he/she/it has had
we have had
you have had
they have had
|
Congiuntivo Trapassato
(io avessi avuto)
|
Past Perfect
I had had
you had had
he/she/it had had
we had had
you had had
they had had
|
CONDIZIONALE (CONDITIONAL)
Forma affermativa
PRESENTE (PRESENT)
|
|
I would (should) have
|
we would (should) have
|
you would have
|
you would have
|
he/she/it would have
|
they would have
|
PRESENTE
PROGRESSIVO (PRESENT
PROGRESSIVE)
|
|
I would
be having
|
we would
be having
|
you would
be having
|
you would
be having
|
he/she/it would
be having
|
they would
be having
|
PASSATO (PERFECT)
|
|
I would (should) have had
|
we would (should) have had
|
you would have had
|
you would have had
|
he/she/it would have had
|
they would have had
|
PASSATO
PROGRESSIVO (PERFECT PROGRESSIVE)
|
|
I would
have been having
|
we would
have been having
|
you would
have been having
|
you would
have been having
|
he/she/it would
have been having
|
they would
have been having
|
CONDIZIONALE (CONDITIONAL)
Forma negativa
PRESENTE
|
|
I would (should) not have
|
we would (should) not have
|
you would
not have
|
you would
not have
|
he/she/it would not have
|
they would
not have
|
PASSATO
|
|
I would (should) not have had
|
we would (should) not have had
|
you would not have had
|
you would not have had
|
he/she/it would have had
|
they would not have had
|
CONDIZIONALE
Forma interrogativa
PRESENTE
|
|
would (should) I have ?
|
would (should) we have ?
|
would you have ?
|
would you
have ?
|
would he/she/it have ?
|
would they have ?
|
PASSATO
|
|
would (should) I have had ?
|
would (should) we have had?
|
would
you have had
?
|
would
you have had
?
|
would he/she/it have had ?
|
would they have had ?
|
IMPERATIVO (IMPERATIVE)
Forma affermativa
PRESENTE
|
|
let me have!
|
let us have!
|
have!
|
have!
|
let him/she/it have!
|
let them have!
|
IMPERATIVO (IMPERATIVE)
Forma negativa
PRESENTE
|
|
don't let me have!
|
don't let us have!
|
don't have!
|
don't have!
|
don't let him/she/it have!
|
don't let them have!
|
GERUNDIO (GERUND)
Forma affermativa
PRESENTE
|
having
|
PASSATO
|
having had
|
GERUNDIO (GERUND)
Forma negativa
PRESENTE
|
not having
|
PASSATO
|
not having had
|
PARTICIPIO (PARTICIPLE)
Forma affermativa
PRESENTE
|
having
|
PASSATO
|
had
|
PARTICIPIO (PARTICIPLE)
Forma negativa
PRESENTE
|
not having
|
PASSATO
|
not had
|
INFINITO (INFINITIVE)
Forma affermativa
PRESENTE
|
to have
|
PASSATO
|
to have had
|
INFINITO (INFINITIVE)
Forma negativa
PRESENTE
|
not to have
|
PASSATO
|
not to have had
|
IMPORTANTE
Have prende la forma progressiva
soltanto quando non significa avere/possedere. Infatti, entrando in alcune
espressioni come have breakfast, a shower,
a nice weekend, a chat, a walk..., assume significati diversi.
TO BE (ESSERE)
INDICATIVO (INDICATIVE)
Forma affermativa
PRESENTE (SIMPLE
PRESENT)
|
|
I am
|
we are
|
you are
|
you are
|
he/she/it
is
|
they are
|
PRESENTE
PROGRESSIVO (PRESENT CONTINUOUS)
|
|
I am
being
|
we are being
|
you are
being
|
you are being
|
he/she/it is
being
|
they are
being
|
PASSATO
SEMPLICE (SIMPLE PAST)
|
|
I was
|
we were
|
you were
|
you were
|
he/she/it
was
|
they were
|
PASSATO
PROGRESSIVO (PAST CONTINUOUS)
|
|
I was
being
|
we were
being
|
you were
being
|
you were
being
|
he/she/it was
being
|
they were
being
|
PASSATO
PROSSIMO (PRESENT PERFECT)
|
|
I have
been
|
we have
been
|
you have
been
|
you have
been
|
he/she/it has been
|
they have
been
|
PASSATO
PROSS. PROGR. (PRESENT PERFECT
CONTINUOUS)
|
|
I have
been being
|
we have
been being
|
you have
been being
|
you have
been being
|
he/she/it has
been being
|
they have
been being
|
TRAPASSATO
(PAST PERFECT)
|
|
I had been
|
we had
been
|
you had
been
|
you had
been
|
he/she/it had been
|
they had
been
|
TRAPASSATO
PROGRESSIVO (PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS)
|
|
I had
been being
|
we had
been being
|
you had
been being
|
you had
been being
|
he/she/it had
been being
|
they had
been being
|
FUTURO
SEMPLICE (FUTURE)
|
|
I will
(shall) be
|
we I will (shall) be
|
you will
be
|
you will
be
|
he/she/it will be
|
they will
be
|
FUTURO
PROGRESSIVO (FUTURE CONTINUOUS)
|
|
I will be being
|
we will
be being
|
you will
be being
|
you will
be being
|
he/she/it will
be being
|
they will
be being
|
FUTURO
ANTERIORE (FUTURE PERFECT)
|
|
I will (shall) have been
|
we will (shall) have been
|
you will have been
|
you will have been
|
he/she/it will have been
|
they will have been
|
FUTURO
ANT. PROGR. (FUTURE PERFECT
CONTINUOUS)
|
|
I will have been being
|
we will
have been being
|
you will
have been being
|
you will
have been being
|
he/she/it will
have been being
|
they will
have been being
|
INDICATIVO (INDICATIVE)
Forma negativa
PRESENTE (SIMPLE PRESENT)
|
|
I am not
|
we are not
|
you are not
|
you are not
|
he/she/it is not
|
they are not
|
PASSATO SEMPLICE (SIMPLE PAST)
|
|
I was not
|
we were not
|
you were not
|
you were not
|
he/she/it was not
|
they were not
|
PASSATO PROSSIMO (PRESENT PERFECT)
|
|
I have not been
|
we have not been
|
you have not been
|
you have not been
|
he/she/it has not been
|
they have not been
|
TRAPASSATO (PAST PERFECT)
|
|
I had not been
|
we had not been
|
you had not been
|
you had not been
|
he/she/it had not been
|
they had not been
|
FUTURO SEMPLICE (FUTURE)
|
|
I will (shall) not be
|
we I will (shall)not be
|
you will not be
|
you will not be
|
he/she/it will not be
|
they will not be
|
FUTURO ANTERIORE (FUTURE PERFECT)
|
|
I will (shall) not have been
|
we will (shall) not have been
|
you will not have been
|
you will not have been
|
he/she/it will not have been
|
they will not have been
|
INDICATIVO (INDICATIVE)
Forma interrogativa
PRESENTE (SIMPLE PRESENT)
|
|
am I ?
|
are we ?
|
are you ?
|
are you ?
|
is he/she/it ?
|
are they ?
|
PASSATO SEMPLICE (SIMPLE PAST)
|
|
was I ?
|
were we ?
|
were you ?
|
were you ?
|
was he/she it ?
|
were they ?
|
PASSATO PROSSIMO (PRESENT PERFECT)
|
|
have I been ?
|
have we been ?
|
have you been ?
|
have you been ?
|
has he/she/it been ?
|
have they been ?
|
TRAPASSATO (PAST PERFECT)
|
|
had I been ?
|
had we been ?
|
had you been ?
|
had you been ?
|
had he/she it been ?
|
had they been ?
|
FUTURO SEMPLICE (FUTURE)
|
|
will (shall) I be ?
|
will (shall) we be ?
|
will you be ?
|
will you be ?
|
will he/she/it be ?
|
will they be ?
|
FUTURO ANTERIORE (FUTURE PERFECT)
|
|
will (shall) I have been ?
|
will (shall) we have been ?
|
will you have been ?
|
will you have been ?
|
will he/she/it have been ?
|
will they have been ?
|
CONGIUNTIVO
(SUBJUNCTIVE)
Il
congiuntivo (subjunctive) è un modo quasi scomparso in inglese e viene
solitamente sostituito dal modo indicativo, secondo il seguente schema:
Congiuntivo
italiano
|
Indicative
|
Congiuntivo Presente
(io sia) |
Simple Present
I am
you are
he/she/it is
we are
you are
they are
|
Congiuntivo Imperfetto
(io fossi) |
Simple Past
I was / were you were he-she-it was / were we were you were they were |
Congiuntivo Passato
(io sia stato) |
Present Perfect
I have been
you have been
he/she/it has been
we have been
you have been
they have been
|
Congiuntivo Trapassato
(io fossi stato)
|
Past Perfect
I had been
you had been
he/she/it had been
we had been
you had been
they had been
|
IMPORTANTE
Quando il
congiuntivo imperfetto del verbo essere segue if (se), si utilizza la forma were del Simple Past in
tutte le persone.
CONDIZIONALE (CONDITIONAL)
Forma affermativa
PRESENTE (PRESENT)
|
|
I would (should) be
|
we would (should) be
|
you would be
|
you would be
|
he/she/it would be
|
they would be
|
PRESENTE
PROGRESSIVO (PRESENT
PROGRESSIVE)
|
|
I would be being
|
we would
be being
|
you would
be being
|
you would
be being
|
he/she/it would
be being
|
they would
be being
|
PASSATO (PERFECT)
|
|
I would (should) have been
|
we would (should) have been
|
You would have been
|
You would have been
|
he/she/It would have been
|
they would have been
|
PASSATO
PROGRESSIVO (PERFECT PROGRESSIVE)
|
|
I would have been being
|
we would
have been being
|
you would
have been being
|
you would
have been being
|
he/she/it would
have been being
|
they would
have been being
|
CONDIZIONALE (CONDITIONAL)
Forma negativa
PRESENTE (PRESENT)
|
|
I would (should) not be
|
we would (should) not be
|
you would
not be
|
you would
not be
|
he/she/it would not be
|
they would
not be
|
PASSATO (PERFECT)
|
|
I would (should) not have been
|
we would (should) not have been
|
you would not have been
|
you would not have been
|
he/she/it would have been
|
they would not have been
|
CONDIZIONALE (CONDITIONAL)
Forma interrogativa
PRESENTE (PRESENT)
|
|
would (should) I be ?
|
would (should) we
be ?
|
would you
be ?
|
would you
be ?
|
would he/she/it be ?
|
would they
be ?
|
PASSATO PROSSIMO (PERFECT)
|
|
would (should) I have been ?
|
would (should) we have been?
|
would
you have been ?
|
would
you have been ?
|
would he/she/it have been ?
|
would they
have been ?
|
IMPERATIVO (IMPERATIVE)
Forma affermativa
PRESENTE (PRESENT)
|
|
let me be!
|
let us be!
|
be!
|
be!
|
let him/she/it be!
|
let them be!
|
IMPERATIVO (IMPERATIVE)
Forma negativa
PRESENTE (PRESENT)
|
|
don't let me be!
|
don't let us be!
|
don't be!
|
don't be!
|
don't let him/she/it be!
|
don't let them be!
|
GERUNDIO (GERUND)
Forma affermativa
PRESENTE
|
being
|
PASSATO
|
having been
|
GERUNDIO (GERUND)
Forma negativa
PRESENTE
|
not being
|
PASSATO
|
not having been
|
PARTICIPIO (PARTICIPLE)
Forma affermativa
PRESENTE
|
being
|
PASSATO
|
been
|
PARTICIPIO (PARTICIPLE)
Forma negativa
PRESENTE
|
not being
|
PASSATO
|
not been
|
INFINITO (INFINITIVE)
Forma affermativa
PRESENTE
|
to be
|
PASSATO
|
to have been
|
INFINITO (INFINITIVE)
Forma negativa
PRESENTE
|
not to be
|
PASSATO
|
Not to have been
|
IMPORTANTE
Normalmente
il verbo essere inglese, non essendo un action verb ma uno stative verb, non
prende la forma progressiva. Ci sono dei casi, tuttavia, dove to be ha il
significato di act (agire) o behave (comportarsi) : in questo senso possiamo
usare il presente progressivo del verbo to be; questo perché ci stiamo riferendo a delle azioni e non ad uno stato.
In inglese per tradurre c’è/ci sono si usano le forme there (dhear) is per il singolare e there are per il plurale
Forma affermativa
|
There is (there's)
There are
|
There is a book on the desk.
(C'è un libro sulla scrivania.)
There are some books on the desk.
(Ci sono dei libri sulla scrivania.)
|
Forma negativa
|
There is not (there isn’t)
There are not (there aren’t)
|
There isn't any snow.
(Non c'è neve.)
There aren't any students in the classroom.
(Non ci sono studenti nell'aula.)
|
Forma interrogativa
|
Is there…?
Are there…?
|
Is there anybody at home?
(C'è qualcuno in casa?)
Are there any letters for Mark?
(Ci sono lettere per Mark?)
|
Le
espressioni italiane avere fame, avere sete, avere ragione, avere torto
e altre simili si traducono in inglese con il verbo essere
Avere fame
|
To be hungry
|
Avere sete
|
To be thirsty
|
Avere sonno
|
To be sleepy
|
Avere fretta
|
To be in a hurry
|
Avere paura
|
To be afraid / scared
|
Avere caldo
|
To be hot / warm
|
Avere freddo
|
To be cold
|
Aver ragione
|
To be right
|
Aver torto
|
To be wrong
|
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