I VERBI AUSILIARI PRINCIPALI

 I principali verbi ausiliari sono TO HAVE (avere) e TO BE (essere).
Il  verbo ausiliare TO HAVE si utilizza per la formazione dei tempi composti di tutti i verbi.
In altri termini quello che è considerato un grave errore in italiano, è corretto in inglese

	trad. letterale	trad. corretta
I have gone	Io ho andato	Sono andato
He has come	Egli ha venuto	È venuto
They have arrived	Essi hanno arrivati	Sono arrivati

Il verbo ausiliare TO HAVE è un verbo irregolare poiché le sue voci sono

Infinito	to have
Tempo passato	had
Participio passato	had

I tempi composti con il verbo avere si formano con il verbo to have e il participio passato

I have helped	Io ho aiutato
I had helped	Io avevo aiutato

In inglese sono frequenti le abbreviazioni di alcune voci del verbo avere

‘ve	per have	I’ve written	ho scritto
‘s	per has	he’s written	ha scritto
‘d	per had	he’d written	aveva scritto

Il verbo ausiliare TO BE è un verbo irregolare poiché le sue voci sono

Infinito	to be
Tempo passato	was
Participio passato	been

I tempi composti del verbo TO BE si formano con l’ausiliare to have.

PASSATO PROSSIMO
I have been	we have been
you have been	you have been
he/she/it has been	they have been

TRAPASSATO PROSSIMO
I had been	we had been
you had been	you had been
he/she/it had been	they had been

In inglese sono frequenti le abbreviazioni di alcune voci del verbo essere

‘m	per am	I’m happy	sono felice
‘s	per is	he’s ill	è ammalato
‘re	per are	you’re a fool	sei uno sciocco

Il verbo to be è usato come ausiliare per formare il passivo dei verbi transitivi.

I am helped	Io sono aiutato
I was helped	Io fui aiutato
I have been helped	Sono stato aiutato
I had been helped	Ero stato aiutato

Il complemento d’agente, frequente nelle frasi passive, è introdotto dalla preposizione da, in inglese by

The letter was received by my father

La lettera fu ricevuta da mio padre

 Il verbo to be è usato  per formare tutti i tempi nella forma progressiva.

CONIUGAZIONE VERBI AUSILIARI

               
TO HAVE (AVERE)

INDICATIVO (INDICATIVE)

Forma affermativa

PRESENTE (SIMPLE PRESENT)
I have	we have
you have	you have
he/she/it has	they have

PRESENTE PROGRESSIVO  (PRESENT CONTINUOUS)
I am having	we are having
you are having	you are having
he/she/it is having	they are having

PASSATO SEMPLICE (SIMPLE PAST)
I had	we had
you had	you had
he/she/it had	they had

PASSATO PROGRESSIVO (PAST CONTINUOUS)
I was having	we were having
you were having	you were having
he/she/it was having	they were having

PASSATO PROSSIMO (PRESENT PERFECT)
I have had	we have had
you have had	you have had
he/she/it has had	they have had

PASSATO PROSS. PROGR.  (PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS)
I have been having	we have been having
you have been having	you have been having
he/she/it has been having	they have been having

TRAPASSATO (PAST PERFECT)
I had had	we had had
you had had	you had had
he/she/it had had	they had had

TRAPASSATO PROGRESSIVO  (PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS)
I had been having	we had been having
you had been having	you had been having
he/she/it had been having	they had been having

FUTURO SEMPLICE   (FUTURE)
I will (shall)  have	we will (shall)  have
you will have	you will have
he/she/it will have	they will have

FUTURO PROGRESSIVO  (FUTURE CONTINUOUS)
I will be having	we will be having
you will be having	you will be having
he/she/it will be having	they will be having

FUTURO ANTERIORE  (FUTURE PERFECT)
i will have had	we will have had
you will have had	you will have had
he/she/it will have had	they will have had

FUTURO ANT. PROGR.  (FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS)
I will have been having	we will have been having
you will have been having	you will have been having
he/she/it will have been having	they will have been having

INDICATIVO (INDICATIVE)

Forma negativa

PRESENTE
I have not	we have not
you have not	you have not
he/she/it has not	they have not

PASSATO PROSSIMO
I have not had	we have not had
you have not had	you have not had
he/she/it has not had	they have not had

PASSATO SEMPLICE
I had not	we had not
you had not	you had not
he/she/it had not	they had not

TRAPASSATO
I had not had	we had not had
you had not had	you had not had
he/she/it had not had	they had not had

FUTURO SEMPLICE
I will (shall) not have	we I will (shall) not have
you will not have	you will not have
he/she/it will not have	they will not have

FUTURO ANTERIORE
I will (shall) not have had	we will (shall) not have had
you will not have had	you will not have had
he/she/it will not have had	they will not have had

INDICATIVO (INDICATIVE)

Forma interrogativa

PRESENTE
have I ?	have we ?
have you ?	have you ?
has he/she/it ?	have they ?

PASSATO PROSSIMO
have I had ?	have we had ?
have you had ?	have you had ?
has he/she/it had ?	have they had ?

PASSATO SEMPLICE
had I ?	had we ?
had you ?	had you ?
had he/she it ?	had they ?

TRAPASSATO
had I had ?	had we had ?
had you had ?	had you had ?
had he/she it had?	had they had ?

FUTURO SEMPLICE
will (shall) I have ?	will (shall) we have ?
will you have ?	will you have ?
will he/she/it have ?	will they have ?

FUTURO ANTERIORE
will (shall) I have had ?	will (shall) we have had ?
will you have had ?	will you have had ?
will he/she/it have had ?	will they have had ?

CONGIUNTIVO (SUBJUNCTIVE)

Il congiuntivo (subjunctive) è un modo quasi scomparso in inglese e viene solitamente sostituito dal modo indicativo, secondo il seguente schema:

Congiuntivo italiano	Indicative
Congiuntivo Presente (io abbia)	Simple Present I have you have he/She/It has we have you have they have
Congiuntivo Imperfetto (io avessi)	Simple Past I had you had he-she-it had we had you had they had
Congiuntivo Passato (io abbia avuto)	Present Perfect I have had you have had he/she/it has had we have had you have had they have had
Congiuntivo Trapassato (io avessi avuto)	Past Perfect I had had you had had he/she/it had had we had had you had had they had had

CONDIZIONALE (CONDITIONAL)

Forma affermativa

PRESENTE      (PRESENT)
I would (should) have	we would (should) have
you would have	you would have
he/she/it would have	they would have

PRESENTE  PROGRESSIVO  (PRESENT PROGRESSIVE)
I would be having	we would be having
you would be having	you would be having
he/she/it would be having	they would be having

PASSATO    (PERFECT)
I would (should) have had	we would (should) have had
you would have had	you would have had
he/she/it would have had	they would have had

PASSATO PROGRESSIVO (PERFECT PROGRESSIVE)
I would have been having	we would have been having
you would have been having	you would have been having
he/she/it would have been having	they would have been having

CONDIZIONALE (CONDITIONAL)

Forma negativa

PRESENTE
I would (should) not have	we would (should) not have
you would not have	you would not have
he/she/it would not have	they would not have

PASSATO
I would (should) not have had	we would (should) not have had
you would not have had	you would not have had
he/she/it would have had	they would not have had

CONDIZIONALE

Forma interrogativa

PRESENTE
would (should) I have ?	would (should) we have ?
would you have ?	would you have ?
would he/she/it have ?	would they have ?

PASSATO
would (should) I have had ?	would (should) we have had?
would you have had ?	would you have had ?
would he/she/it have had ?	would they have had ?

IMPERATIVO (IMPERATIVE)

Forma affermativa

PRESENTE
let me have!	let us have!
have!	have!
let him/she/it have!	let them have!

IMPERATIVO (IMPERATIVE)

Forma negativa

PRESENTE
don't let me have!	don't let us have!
don't have!	don't have!
don't let him/she/it have!	don't let them have!

GERUNDIO (GERUND)

Forma affermativa

PRESENTE

having

PASSATO

having had

GERUNDIO (GERUND)

Forma negativa

PRESENTE

not having

PASSATO

not having had

PARTICIPIO (PARTICIPLE)

Forma affermativa

PRESENTE

having

PASSATO

had

PARTICIPIO (PARTICIPLE)

Forma negativa

PRESENTE

not having

PASSATO

not had

INFINITO (INFINITIVE)

Forma affermativa

PRESENTE

to have

PASSATO

to have had

INFINITO (INFINITIVE)

Forma negativa

PRESENTE

not to have

PASSATO

not to have had

IMPORTANTE

Have prende la forma progressiva soltanto quando non significa avere/possedere. Infatti, entrando in alcune espressioni come have breakfast, a shower,  a nice weekend, a chat, a walk..., assume significati diversi.

TO BE (ESSERE)

INDICATIVO  (INDICATIVE)

Forma affermativa

PRESENTE (SIMPLE PRESENT)
I am	we are
you are	you are
he/she/it is	they are

PRESENTE PROGRESSIVO  (PRESENT CONTINUOUS)
I am being	we are being
you are being	you are being
he/she/it is being	they are being

PASSATO SEMPLICE (SIMPLE PAST)
I was	we were
you were	you were
he/she/it was	they were

PASSATO PROGRESSIVO (PAST CONTINUOUS)
I was being	we were being
you were being	you were being
he/she/it was being	they were being

PASSATO PROSSIMO (PRESENT PERFECT)
I have been	we have been
you have been	you have been
he/she/it has been	they have been

PASSATO PROSS. PROGR.  (PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS)
I have been being	we have been being
you have been being	you have been being
he/she/it has been being	they have been being

TRAPASSATO (PAST PERFECT)
I had been	we had been
you had been	you had been
he/she/it had been	they had been

TRAPASSATO PROGRESSIVO  (PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS)
I had been being	we had been being
you had been being	you had been being
he/she/it had been being	they had been being

FUTURO SEMPLICE   (FUTURE)
I will (shall) be	we I will (shall) be
you will be	you will be
he/she/it will be	they will be

FUTURO PROGRESSIVO  (FUTURE CONTINUOUS)
I will be being	we will be being
you will be being	you will be being
he/she/it will be being	they will be being

FUTURO ANTERIORE (FUTURE PERFECT)
I will (shall) have been	we will (shall) have been
you will have been	you will have been
he/she/it will have been	they will have been

FUTURO ANT. PROGR.  (FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS)
I  will have been being	we will have been being
you will have been being	you will have been being
he/she/it will have been being	they will have been being

INDICATIVO (INDICATIVE)

Forma negativa

PRESENTE (SIMPLE PRESENT)
I am not	we are not
you are not	you are not
he/she/it is not	they are not

PASSATO SEMPLICE (SIMPLE PAST)
I was not	we were not
you were not	you were not
he/she/it was not	they were not

PASSATO PROSSIMO (PRESENT PERFECT)
I have not been	we have not been
you have not been	you have not been
he/she/it has not been	they have not been

TRAPASSATO (PAST PERFECT)
I had not been	we had not been
you had not been	you had not been
he/she/it had not been	they had not been

FUTURO SEMPLICE  (FUTURE)
I will (shall) not be	we I will (shall)not  be
you will not be	you will not be
he/she/it will not  be	they will not be

FUTURO ANTERIORE (FUTURE PERFECT)
I will (shall) not have been	we will (shall) not have been
you will not have been	you will not have been
he/she/it will not have been	they will not have been

INDICATIVO (INDICATIVE)

Forma interrogativa

PRESENTE  (SIMPLE PRESENT)
am I ?	are we ?
are you ?	are you ?
is he/she/it ?	are they ?

PASSATO SEMPLICE  (SIMPLE PAST)
was I ?	were we ?
were you ?	were you ?
was he/she it ?	were they ?

PASSATO PROSSIMO  (PRESENT PERFECT)
have I been ?	have we been ?
have you been ?	have you been ?
has he/she/it been ?	have they been ?

TRAPASSATO  (PAST PERFECT)
had I been ?	had we been ?
had you been ?	had you been ?
had he/she it been ?	had they been ?

FUTURO SEMPLICE (FUTURE)
will (shall) I be ?	will (shall) we be ?
will you be ?	will you be ?
will he/she/it be ?	will they be ?

FUTURO ANTERIORE (FUTURE PERFECT)
will (shall) I have been ?	will (shall) we have been ?
will you have been ?	will you have been ?
will he/she/it have been ?	will they have been ?

CONGIUNTIVO (SUBJUNCTIVE)

Il congiuntivo (subjunctive) è un modo quasi scomparso in inglese e viene solitamente sostituito dal modo indicativo, secondo il seguente schema:

Congiuntivo italiano	Indicative
Congiuntivo Presente (io sia)	Simple Present I am you are he/she/it is we are you are they are
Congiuntivo Imperfetto (io fossi)	Simple Past I was / were you were he-she-it was / were we were you were they were
Congiuntivo Passato (io sia stato)	Present Perfect I have been you have been he/she/it has been we have been you have been they have been
Congiuntivo Trapassato (io fossi stato)	Past Perfect I had been you had been he/she/it had been we had been you had been they had been

IMPORTANTE

Quando il congiuntivo imperfetto del verbo essere segue if (se), si utilizza la forma were del Simple Past in tutte le persone.

CONDIZIONALE (CONDITIONAL)

Forma affermativa

PRESENTE  (PRESENT)
I would (should) be	we would (should) be
you would be	you would be
he/she/it would be	they would be

PRESENTE  PROGRESSIVO  (PRESENT PROGRESSIVE)
I  would be being	we would be being
you would be being	you would be being
he/she/it would be being	they would be being

PASSATO  (PERFECT)
I would (should) have been	we would (should) have been
You would have been	You would have been
he/she/It would have been	they would have been

PASSATO PROGRESSIVO (PERFECT PROGRESSIVE)
I would have been being	we would have been being
you would have been being	you would have been being
he/she/it would have been being	they would have been being

CONDIZIONALE (CONDITIONAL)

Forma negativa

PRESENTE (PRESENT)
I would (should) not be	we would (should) not be
you would not be	you would not be
he/she/it would not be	they would not be

PASSATO (PERFECT)
I would (should) not have been	we would (should) not have been
you would not have been	you would not have been
he/she/it would have been	they would not have been

CONDIZIONALE (CONDITIONAL)

Forma interrogativa

PRESENTE (PRESENT)
would (should) I be ?	would (should) we be ?
would you be ?	would you be ?
would he/she/it be ?	would they be ?

PASSATO PROSSIMO  (PERFECT)
would (should) I have been ?	would (should) we have been?
would you have been ?	would you have been ?
would he/she/it have been ?	would they have been ?

IMPERATIVO (IMPERATIVE)

Forma affermativa

PRESENTE  (PRESENT)
let me be!	let us be!
be!	be!
let him/she/it be!	let them be!

IMPERATIVO (IMPERATIVE)

Forma negativa

PRESENTE (PRESENT)
don't let me be!	don't let us be!
don't be!	don't be!
don't let him/she/it be!	don't let them be!

GERUNDIO (GERUND)

Forma affermativa

PRESENTE

being

PASSATO

having been

GERUNDIO (GERUND)

Forma negativa

PRESENTE

not being

PASSATO

not having been

PARTICIPIO (PARTICIPLE)

Forma affermativa

PRESENTE

being

PASSATO

been

PARTICIPIO (PARTICIPLE)

Forma negativa

PRESENTE

not being

PASSATO

not been

INFINITO (INFINITIVE)

Forma affermativa

PRESENTE

to be

PASSATO

to have been

INFINITO (INFINITIVE)

Forma negativa

PRESENTE

not to be

PASSATO

Not to have been

IMPORTANTE

Normalmente il verbo essere inglese, non essendo un action verb ma uno stative verb, non prende la forma progressiva. Ci sono dei casi, tuttavia, dove to be ha il significato di act (agire) o behave (comportarsi) : in questo senso possiamo usare il presente progressivo del verbo to be; questo perché ci stiamo  riferendo a delle azioni e non ad uno stato.

In inglese per tradurre c’è/ci sono si usano le forme there (dhear) is per il singolare e there are per il plurale

Forma affermativa	There is (there's) There are	There is a book on the desk.  (C'è un libro sulla scrivania.) There are some books on the desk. (Ci sono dei libri sulla scrivania.)
Forma negativa	There is not (there isn’t) There are not (there aren’t)	There isn't any snow. (Non c'è neve.) There aren't any students in the classroom. (Non ci sono studenti nell'aula.)
Forma interrogativa	Is there…? Are there…?	Is there anybody at home? (C'è qualcuno in casa?) Are there any letters for Mark?  (Ci sono lettere per Mark?)

Le espressioni italiane avere fame, avere sete, avere ragione, avere torto e altre simili si traducono in inglese con il verbo essere

Avere fame	To be hungry
Avere sete	To be thirsty
Avere sonno	To be sleepy
Avere fretta	To be in a hurry
Avere paura	To be afraid / scared
Avere caldo	To be hot / warm
Avere freddo	To be cold
Aver ragione	To be right
Aver torto	To be wrong